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Journal of Pediatric Health Care :... 2004Cervical lymphadenopathy is a common problem in children. The condition most commonly represents a transient response to a benign local or generalized infection, but... (Review)
Review
Cervical lymphadenopathy is a common problem in children. The condition most commonly represents a transient response to a benign local or generalized infection, but occasionally it might herald the presence of a more serious disorder. Acute bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy usually is caused by a viral upper respiratory tract infection or streptococcal pharyngitis. Acute unilateral cervical lymphadenitis is caused by streptococcal or staphylococcal infection in 40% to 80% of cases. The most common causes of subacute or chronic lymphadenitis are cat scratch disease, mycobacterial infection, and toxoplasmosis. Supraclavicular or posterior cervical lymphadenopathy carries a much higher risk for malignancies than does anterior cervical lymphadenopathy. Generalized lymphadenopathy is often caused by a viral infection, and less frequently by malignancies, collagen vascular diseases, and medications. Laboratory tests are not necessary in the majority of children with cervical lymphadenopathy. Most cases of lymphadenopathy are self-limited and require no treatment. The treatment of acute bacterial cervical lymphadenitis without a known primary source should provide adequate coverage for both Staphylococcus aureus and group A beta hemolytic streptococci.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cysts; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infections; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphatic Vessel Tumors; Neck
PubMed: 14722499
DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2003.08.008 -
Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) Mar 2013The role of angiogenesis in the growth of lymphomas and survival of patients with leukemias and other hematological malignancies has become evident since 1994.... (Review)
Review
The role of angiogenesis in the growth of lymphomas and survival of patients with leukemias and other hematological malignancies has become evident since 1994. Angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors together with other tumor microenvironment components, including myelo-monocytic cell, mast cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and circulating endothelial cells, have been shown to be important in the progression and maintenance of lymphoproliferative disorders. In this review article, we present an overview of the literature focusing on the relationship between angiogenesis and disease progression and the recent advantages in the antiangiogenic treatment in human non-Hodgkin lymphomas.
Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Endothelial Cells; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Mast Cells; Myeloid Cells; Neovascularization, Pathologic
PubMed: 23479502
DOI: 10.1593/neo.121962 -
American Family Physician Sep 2002Family physicians frequently encounter neck masses in adult patients. A careful medical history should be obtained, and a thorough physical examination should be... (Review)
Review
Family physicians frequently encounter neck masses in adult patients. A careful medical history should be obtained, and a thorough physical examination should be performed. The patient's age and the location, size, and duration of the mass are important pieces of information. Inflammatory and infectious causes of neck masses, such as cervical adenitis and cat-scratch disease, are common in young adults. Congenital masses, such as branchial anomalies and thyroglossal duct cysts, must be considered in the differential diagnosis. Neoplasms (benign and malignant) are more likely to be present in older adults. Fine-needle aspiration and biopsy and contrast-enhanced computed tomographic scanning are the best techniques for evaluating these masses. An otolaryngology consultation for endoscopy and possible excisional biopsy should be obtained when a neck mass persists beyond four to six weeks after a single course of a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Topics: Adult; Algorithms; Congenital Abnormalities; Diagnosis, Differential; Family Practice; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Lymphatic Diseases; Neck
PubMed: 12322776
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Pediatrics Feb 2004An 11-year-old girl presented with high grade, intermittent fever and cervical lymphadenopathy. She had multiple enlarged left cervical lymph nodes. The examination of...
An 11-year-old girl presented with high grade, intermittent fever and cervical lymphadenopathy. She had multiple enlarged left cervical lymph nodes. The examination of other systems was normal. Workup for sepsis, malignancy and autoimmune disease were negative. VA-IgM for EBV was positive and histopathology of the lymph node was consistent with Kikuchi's disease.
Topics: Biopsy, Needle; Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Histiocytic Necrotizing Lymphadenitis; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; India; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Diseases; Prognosis; Rare Diseases
PubMed: 15004309
DOI: No ID Found -
Kidney International Oct 2009In this review we discuss the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cryoglobulinemia. HCV is a major cause of... (Review)
Review
In this review we discuss the clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related cryoglobulinemia. HCV is a major cause of liver-related morbidity and is increasingly recognized as an instigator of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders such as mixed cryoglobulinemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cryoglobulinemia is characterized by the clonal expansion of rheumatoid factor-expressing B cells in the liver, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood, resulting in the presence of cryoglobulins in the circulation. Cryoglobulins are cold-insoluble immune complexes containing rheumatoid factor, polyclonal IgG, and HCV RNA that precipitate and deposit on vascular endothelium, causing vasculitis in organs such as the skin, kidneys, and peripheral nerves. A subset of patients develops a low-grade lymphoma composed of B cells that are immunophenotypically similar to the expanded B cells seen in cryoglobulinemia. HCV-related B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders likely comprise a spectrum of disease, ranging from asymptomatic clonal B-cell expansions to pathogenic cryoglobulinemia and lymphoma. It is unclear how B cells become dysregulated during the course of chronic HCV infection, and continued patient-centered research is necessary to elucidate the pathogenesis of HCV-related B-cell dysregulation.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; B-Lymphocytes; Cryoglobulinemia; Hepatitis C; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Lymphatic Diseases; Plasmapheresis; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 19606079
DOI: 10.1038/ki.2009.247 -
Respiratory Medicine Mar 2016Lymphadenopathy is a common radiological finding in many thoracic diseases and may be caused by a variety of infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions. This... (Review)
Review
Lymphadenopathy is a common radiological finding in many thoracic diseases and may be caused by a variety of infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic conditions. This review aims to describe the patterns of mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy found in benign diseases in immunocompetent patients. Computed tomography is the method of choice for the evaluation of lymphadenopathy, as it is able to demonstrate increased size of individual nodes, abnormalities of the interface between the mediastinum and lung, invasion of surrounding fat, coalescence of adjacent nodes, obliteration of the mediastinal fat, and hypo- and hyperdensity in lymph nodes. Intravenous contrast enhancement may be needed to help distinguish nodes from vessels. The most frequent infections resulting in this finding are tuberculosis and fungal disease (particularly histoplasmosis and coccidioidomycosis). Sarcoidosis is a relatively frequent cause of lymphadenopathy in young adults, and can be distinguished from other diseases - especially when enlarged lymph nodes are found to be multiple and symmetrical. Other conditions discussed in this review are silicosis, drug reactions, amyloidosis, heart failure, Castleman's disease, viral infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Topics: Amyloidosis; Berylliosis; Castleman Disease; Coccidioidomycosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Drug Hypersensitivity; Heart Failure; Histoplasmosis; Humans; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Lymph Nodes; Lymphadenitis; Lymphatic Diseases; Mediastinum; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Embolism; Sarcoidosis; Silicosis; Thorax; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 26860219
DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2016.01.021 -
Journal of the Formosan Medical... Jul 2010Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by non-caseating granulomas in the absence of other autoimmune processes, infectious diseases, or foreign agents.... (Review)
Review
Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by non-caseating granulomas in the absence of other autoimmune processes, infectious diseases, or foreign agents. The etiology of sarcoidosis is not completely understood. Several organ systems can be affected, of which the most frequently involved include the lungs and lymph nodes. Intra-abdominal sarcoidosis is less common, but can be found in the absence of pulmonary or lymphatic disease. Intra-abdominal sarcoidosis is most often asymptomatic. However, long-standing unrecognized disease can result in life-threatening complications. The identification, monitoring and prevention of these complications will be discussed, with emphasis on both clinical and histological presentations of intra-abdominal sarcoidosis.
Topics: Abdomen; Biopsy; Diagnosis, Differential; Digestive System Diseases; Humans; Sarcoidosis
PubMed: 20654787
DOI: 10.1016/S0929-6646(10)60082-4 -
The British Journal of Radiology Dec 2012We review the appearance of scleroma in the head and neck on imaging. Scleroma is a chronic granulomatous disease that primarily affects the nasal cavity, but the... (Review)
Review
We review the appearance of scleroma in the head and neck on imaging. Scleroma is a chronic granulomatous disease that primarily affects the nasal cavity, but the pharynx and larynx may also be involved. On imaging, nasal scleroma appears as bilateral or unilateral expanded homogeneous nasal masses that may exhibit hyperintense signal on T(1) weighted images. Pharyngeal scleroma commonly narrows the pharyngeal lumen and may involve the soft and hard palate. Imaging is essential to detect the extent of subglottic stenosis in patients with laryngeal scleroma. Rarely, scleroma may involve the orbit or the middle ear. Imaging is essential for the early diagnosis of scleroma and for differentiating it from other granulomatous and neoplastic lesions. Also, imaging is important for treatment planning and follow-up of patients after therapy.
Topics: Bone Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Ear Diseases; Ear, Middle; Early Diagnosis; Head; Humans; Laryngeal Diseases; Lymphatic Diseases; Mouth Diseases; Neck; Nose Diseases; Orbital Diseases; Pharyngeal Diseases; Rhinoscleroma; Skull Base
PubMed: 22898154
DOI: 10.1259/bjr/15189057 -
Annals of Surgical Oncology Feb 2020Patients with recurrent oropharyngeal cancer often require extensive salvage surgery. For patients with clinically N0 necks, the indication for concurrent neck... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
BACKGROUND
Patients with recurrent oropharyngeal cancer often require extensive salvage surgery. For patients with clinically N0 necks, the indication for concurrent neck dissection remains unclear. This study aimed to determine predictors, prevalence, and distribution of nodal disease in patients treated with salvage oropharyngectomy.
METHODS
In a case series with data collection at a single tertiary academic National Cancer Institute (NCI)-designated comprehensive cancer center, this study analyzed patients treated with prior radiation or chemoradiation who had persistent, recurrent, or second primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx requiring oropharyngeal resection between 1998 and 2017 (n = 95). Clinical and oncologic characteristics and treatment outcomes were collected, and statistical analyses were performed.
RESULTS
The overall rate of nodal positivity was 21% (24/95), and the rate of occult nodal disease was 6% (4/65). Ipsilateral and contralateral level 2 were the most common areas harboring positive nodes. Bivariate analysis showed female sex (p = 0.01), initial overall stage (p = 0.02), and N status (p = 0.03), as well as recurrent overall and T stage (p = 0.05) to be predictors of nodal disease. In the multivariate analysis, recurrent T stage continued to be significantly predictive of pathologic nodal disease. Both computed tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography-CT were moderately accurate in predicting nodal disease in the salvage setting (area under the curve, 0.79 and 0.80, respectively).
CONCLUSION
Occult nodal disease is observed in few patients undergoing salvage oropharyngeal resection. This study identified factors predictive of nodal disease in patients undergoing salvage oropharyngectomy and appropriate diagnostic tests in this setting.
Topics: Canada; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphatic Metastasis; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms; Pharyngectomy; Prevalence; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Salvage Therapy
PubMed: 31538289
DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07841-7 -
Genes & Development Oct 2010The lymphatic vascular system is essential for lipid absorption, fluid homeostasis, and immune surveillance. Until recently, lymphatic vessel dysfunction had been... (Review)
Review
The lymphatic vascular system is essential for lipid absorption, fluid homeostasis, and immune surveillance. Until recently, lymphatic vessel dysfunction had been associated with symptomatic pathologic conditions such as lymphedema. Work in the last few years had led to a better understanding of the functional roles of this vascular system in health and disease. Furthermore, recent work has also unraveled additional functional roles of the lymphatic vasculature in fat metabolism, obesity, inflammation, and the regulation of salt storage in hypertension. In this review, we summarize the functional roles of the lymphatic vasculature in health and disease.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Lymphatic Diseases; Lymphatic Vessels
PubMed: 20889712
DOI: 10.1101/gad.1955910